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Extraction of natural stone

Facing stone usually lies shallow and is extracted from quarries of open mine workings, as a rule, blocks. The block of stone is a large block billet, which is extracted from the massif for further processing on facing materials that meets the requirements of the current standards for physical and technical characteristics, dimensions, solidity and shape. Depending on the method of extraction and the degree of correctness of the geometric shape, the blocks are divided into sawn and chipped. The volume of a block is determined by the volume of a rectangular parallelepiped inscribed in it.

The development of deposits of the facing stone consists of three main successive processes: the opening of the deposit, preparatory work for creating the necessary outcrops and ledges and the actual mining operations. Extraction works include separation from an array of monoliths or blocks, cutting monoliths into blocks, loading and transporting blocks and waste.

The extraction of blocks of facing stone has a special feature, which is that the natural qualities of the stone must be fully preserved in the process of extraction.

Rock cutting is performed with stone cutting machines with cutting discs or ring mills, rope saws or cutters, which are mainly used to extract soft and medium hard rock rocks - marbles, limestones, shells, volcanic tuffs, dolomites. When mining a stone, the drilling stone-cutting units are also used. The methods of destruction of rocks by impact include a drill-hole and shock-cut, and to methods of explosion destruction by drilling and blasting method, which is used mainly for the extraction of hard rocks.

Methods of rock destruction by heat include the thermal jet method, which is used to extract blocks of rock containing quartz, since they collapse quite rapidly under high-temperature stress conditions. With this method, blocks of stone of a certain size are cut directly from the array with the help of thermo-cutters that eject high-temperature gas jet with supersonic speed. If necessary, blocks are processed before shipment to consumers. They are given the required size and shape, close to rectangular (passaging) and labeled.

A complex of decorative, physical-mechanical and technological properties, as well as the degree of longevity determine the suitability of the unit. Defects that reduce the quality of the stone include fracturing, weathering, the presence of non-polishing areas, dirty spots, and for limestones - and a high content of mountain moisture.

With each change in the character of the rock, its physical and mechanical properties are checked. In addition, annually check the properties of rocks being developed for blocks. Blocks should be produced from rocks with certain physical and mechanical properties. The appearance and quality of the surface of the blocks must meet certain requirements, such as the deviation from the right angle of two adjacent faces, the number of repulsed angles, the length of the chipped corner, the number of diagonal cracks viewed on two adjacent faces,

Modern stone-working enterprises produce ready-made products from the raw material in the form of facing slabs, architectural and construction products, decorative plates based on natural stone and onboard stones.

What is the processing of the stone? Stone processing includes a number of technological operations, as a result of which the stone is given a certain shape and dimensions, and its front surface - a given texture. Scheme of technological processes of stone processing includes: approximate processing of stone in the shape and size of the product - precise processing of the stone in shape and size of the product - textured processing of the product.

The workshops of modern stone-working enterprises specialize in the production of products from hard, medium hardness and soft natural stone. The processes of preparation and sawing blocks on blanks are common when processing products made of natural stone of any hardness. Edging and grinding for stones of different hardness is produced in different sequence.

Plates of hard stone are processed according to the scheme: sawing - grinding - edging; from a stone of average hardness: sawing - edging - grinding; 'of soft stone: sawing - edging. Since in general, about 90% of the volume of facing materials and products made of natural stone falls on the slabs, the majority of stone-working enterprises use the most common technological scheme of processing, which is based on sawing processes.

When processing the surface of the stone by shearing, the texture is obtained: a "rock" type, which is characterized by a natural stone break, forming knolls and depressions on the surface without marks of the machining tool of the barber; Thus, they process granite, syenite, diorite, labradorite, quartzite, gabbro, sandstone, basalt, limestone; point - with a uniform rough surface with dotted depressions; it is formed as a result of surface treatment by a cross bucarda. In this way, granite, sienna